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linux µÄϵͳ°²È«²»ÈݺöÊÓ.È»¶øϵͳ¼Ó¹ÌÓÖ²»ÊÇÒ»¼þºÜÈÝÒ×µÄÊÂ.±¾ÎÄ×÷Õß¼òµ¥½éÉÜÁËһϠLinux ϵͳÉî¶È°²È«¼Ó¹Ì¡£

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1. °²×°ºÍÉý¼¶

¾¡Á¿Ñ¡ÓÃ×îÐ嵀 Linux ·¢Ðа汾£¬°²×°Ç°°ÎµôÍøÏߣ¬¶Ï¿ªÎïÀíÁ¬½Ó£¬°²×°Ê±½¨ÒéÓà custom ×Ô¶¨Ò巽ʽ°²×°Èí¼þ°ü£¬ÊýÁ¿ÒÔÉÙΪºÃ£¬Ò»°ãÀ´Ëµ·þÎñÆ÷ûÓбØÒª°²×° X-windows£¬ÔÚ lilo/grub Òýµ¼Æ÷ÖмÓÈë¿ÚÁîÏÞÖÆ£¬·ÀÖ¹Äܹ»ÎïÀí½Ó´¥µÄ¶ñÒâÓû§ÒòΪ Linux °²×°¹âÅÌµÄ rescue ģʽ¿ÉÒÔÌø¹ýÕâ¸öÏÞÖÆ£¬ËùÒÔ»¹Òª¸øbios¼ÓÉÏÃÜÂë»ò·þÎñÆ÷»úÏäÉÏËø /var£¬ /home£¬ /usr£¬ /root µÈĿ¼ÓöÀÁ¢µÄÎïÀí·ÖÇø£¬·ÀÖ¹À¬»øÊý¾ÝºÍÈÕÖ¾ÌîÂúÓ²Å̶øµ¼Ö D.o.S ¹¥»÷¡£

root Õ˺ŸøÓèǿ׳µÄ¿ÚÁ°²×°Íê±ÏÁ¢¼´Óà up2date »ò apt Éý¼¶ÏµÍ³Èí¼þ£¬ÓÐʱÉý¼¶ÄÚºËÒ²ÊDZØÒªµÄ£¬ÒòΪÄں˳öÏÖÎÊÌâͬÑù»á¸ø¹¥»÷ÕßÌṩ»ú»áApt ÊÇ Debian GNU Linux ϵÄÒ»¸öÇ¿´óµÄ°ü¹ÜÀí¹¤¾ß£¬Ò²¿ÉÓÃÓÚÆäËû°æ±¾µÄ Linux.

2. Õ˺Å

Èç¹ûϵͳÖеÄÓû§±È½Ï¶à£¬¿ÉÒԱ༭ /etc/login.defs£¬¸ü¸ÄÃÜÂë²ßÂÔ,ɾ³ýϵͳÖв»±ØÒªÕÊ»§ºÍ×é:

[root@ayazero /]# userdel -r username

Èç¹û²»¿ªÄäÃû ftp Ôò¿ÉÒÔ°Ñ ftp Õ˺ÅҲɾÁË¡£×ȫµÄ·½Ê½ÊDZ¾µØά»¤£¬¿Éϧ²»Ì«ÏÖʵ£¬µ«»¹ÊÇÐèÒªÏÞÖÆ root µÄÔ¶³Ì·ÃÎÊ£¬¹ÜÀíÔ±¿ÉÒÔÓÃÆÕͨÕË»§Ô¶³ÌµÇ¼£¬È»ºó su µ½ root£¬ÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔ°ÑʹÓà su µÄÓû§¼Óµ½ wheel ×éÀ´Ìá¸ß°²È«ÐÔÔÚ /etc/pam.d/su ÎļþµÄÍ·²¿¼ÓÈëÏÂÃæÁ½ÐУº

auth sufficient /lib/security/pam_rootok.so debug 
auth required /lib/security/pam_wheel.so group=wheel

È»ºó°Ñ¿ÉÒÔÖ´ÐÐ su µÄÓû§·ÅÈë wheel ×飺

[root@ayazero /]# usermod -G10 admin

±à¼­ /etc/securetty£¬×¢Ê͵ôËùÓÐÔÊÐí root Ô¶³ÌµÇ¼µÄ¿ØÖÆ̨£¬È»ºó½ûֹʹÓÃËùÓеĿØÖÆ̨³ÌÐò£º

[root@ayazero /]# rm -f /etc/security/console.apps/servicename

µÇ¼²ÉÓüÓÃÜµÄ ssh£¬Èç¹û¹ÜÀíÔ±Ö»´Ó¹Ì¶¨µÄÖն˵ǽ£¬»¹Ó¦ÏÞÖƺϷ¨ ssh ¿Í»§¶ËµÄ·¶Î§·ÀÖ¹Ðá̽¼°ÖмäÈ˹¥»÷£¬½«ÃüÁîÀúÊ·¼Í¼¹éΪÁ㣬¾¡¿ÉÄܵÄÒþ²ØÄã×ö¹ýµÄÊÂÇ飺

[root@ayazero /]# unset HISTFILESIZE



3. ·þÎñ

×îÉÙ·þÎñÔ­Ôò£¬·²ÊDz»ÐèÒªµÄ·þÎñÒ»ÂÉ×¢Ê͵ôÔÚ /etc/inetd.conf Öв»ÐèÒªµÄ·þÎñÇ°¼Ó "#"£¬½Ï¸ß°æ±¾ÖÐÒѾ­Ã»ÓÐ inetd ¶ø»»³ÉÁË Xinetd;È¡Ïû¿ª»ú×Ô¶¯ÔËÐзþÎñ£¬°Ñ /etc/rc.d/rc3.d ϲ»ÐèÒªÔËÐеķþÎñµÚÒ»¸ö×Öĸ´óд¸Ä³ÆСд£¬»òÕßÓÉ setup ÃüÁîÆô¶¯µÄ GUI ½çÃæÖÐµÄ service ¸ü¸Ä¡£

Èç¹ûÄãÏ£Íû¼òµ¥Ò»µã£¬¿ÉÒÔʹÓà /etc/host.allow£¬/etc/host.deny ÕâÁ½¸öÎļþ£¬µ«ÊDZ¾Îļƻ®Óà iptables ·À»ðǽ£¬ËùÒÔ²»ÔÚ´ËÏêÊö¡£

4. ÎļþϵͳȨÏÞ

ÕÒ³öϵͳÖÐËùÓк¬ "s" λµÄ³ÌÐò£¬°Ñ²»±ØÒªµÃ "s" λȥµô£¬»òÕ߰Ѹù±¾²»ÓõÄÖ±½Óɾ³ý:

[root@ayazero /]# find / -type f ( -perm -04000 -o -perm -02000 ) -exec ls -lg {} 
[root@ayazero /]# chmod a-s filename

·ÀÖ¹Óû§ÀÄÓü°ÌáÉýȨÏ޵ĿÉÄÜÐÔ,°ÑÖØÒªÎļþ¼ÓÉϲ»¿É¸Ä±äÊôÐÔ:

[root@ayazero /]# chattr +i /etc/passwd 
[root@ayazero /]# chattr +i /etc/shadow 
[root@ayazero /]# chattr +i /etc/gshadow 
[root@ayazero /]# chattr +i /etc/group 
[root@ayazero /]# chattr +i /etc/inetd.conf 
[root@ayazero /]# chattr +i /etc/httpd.conf 
...............................

¾ßÌåÊÓÐèÒª¶ø¶¨£¬ÎÒ»³ÒÉÏÖÔÚµÄÈëÇÖÕ߶¼ÖªµÀÕâ¸öÃüÁÓÐЩ exploit Òç³öºóÍù inetd.conf дһÌõÓï¾ä°ó¶¨ shell ÔÚÒ»¸ö¶Ë¿Ú¼àÌý£¬´ËʱÕâÌõÃüÁî¾ÍÆðÁË×÷Óã¬Ç³±¡µÄÈëÇÖÕß»áÒÔΪÒç³ö²»³É¹¦¡£ÕÒ³öϵͳÖÐûÓÐÊôÖ÷µÄÎļþ:

[root@ayazero /]# find / -nouser -o -nogroup

ÕÒ³öÈκÎÈ˶¼ÓÐдȨÏÞµÄÎļþºÍĿ¼:

[root@ayazero /]# find / -type f ( -perm -2 -o -perm -20 ) -exec ls -lg {} 
[root@ayazero /]# find / -type d ( -perm -2 -o -perm -20 ) -exec ls -ldg {}

·ÀÖ¹ÈëÇÖÕßÏòÆäÖÐдÈëľÂíÓï¾ä(ÖîÈçÒ»¸öshellµÄ¿½±´)»ò¼Ì³ÐÊôÖ÷ȨÏÞ¶ø·Ç·¨·ÃÎÊ¡£ÕÒ³ö²¢¼Ó¹ÌÄÇЩÀúÀ´±»ÈëÇÖÕßÀûÓõÄÎļþ£¬±ÈÈç .rhosts¡£±à¼­ /etc/security/limits.conf£¬¼ÓÈë»ò¸Ä±äÈçÏÂÐÐ:

* hard core 0 
* hard rss 5000 
* hard nproc 20


5. Banner αװ

ÈëÇÖÕßͨ³£Í¨¹ý²Ù×÷ϵͳ£¬·þÎñ¼°Ó¦ÓóÌÐò°æ±¾À´¹¥»÷£¬Â©¶´ÁбíºÍ¹¥»÷³ÌÐòÒ²ÊÇ°´´ËÀ´·ÖÀ࣬ËùÒÔÎÒÃÇÓбØÒª×÷µãÊÖ½ÅÀ´¼Ó´óÈëÇÖµÄÄѶȡ£ ¸ü¸Ä /etc/issue£¬ÒòΪ reboot ºóÖØмÓÔØ£¬ËùÒԱ༭ /ect/rc.d/rc.local£º

# This will overwrite /etc/issue at every boot. So£¬ make any changes you 
# want to make to /etc/issue here or you will lose them when you reboot. 
#echo "" > /etc/issue 
#echo "$R" >> /etc/issue 
#echo "Kernel $(uname -r) on $a $(uname -m)" >> /etc/issue 

#cp -f /etc/issue /etc/issue.net 
#echo >> /etc/issue


Apache ²»»ØÏÔ°æ±¾£¬apache µÄÅäÖÃÎļþ£¬ÕÒµ½ ServerTokens ºÍ ServerSignature Á½¸ö directive£¬ÐÞ¸ÄĬÈÏÊôÐÔ£º

#ServerTokens Full 
ServerTokens Prod <---------- 
#ServerSignature On 
ServerSignature Off <----------


ÐÞ¸Ä uname£¬Äóö uname.c µÄÔ´Â룬ÕÒµ½ÈçÏÂÐУº

print_element (PRINT_SYSNAME£¬ name.sysname);//²Ù×÷ϵͳÃûÈç linux 
print_element (PRINT_NODENAME£¬ name.nodename);//Ö÷»úÃû 
print_element (PRINT_RELEASE£¬ name.release);//·¢Ðа汾£¬È磺2.4.20-18 
print_element (PRINT_VERSION£¬ name.version);// 
print_element (PRINT_MACHINE£¬ name.machine);//»úÆ÷ÀàÐÍ£¬Èçi686 
print_element (PRINT_PROCESSOR£¬ processor);//´¦ÀíÆ÷ÀàÐÍ


¿ÉÒÔÐÞ¸ÄΪ£º

print_element (PRINT_SYSNAME£¬"HP-UX"); 
.......


±àÒëºóÌæ»» /bin/uname

ÆäËû·þÎñ¼°³ÌÐòµÄÐ޸ĿÉÒԲ鿴ÆäÅäÖÃÎļþ»òÕßÔ´Âë²»Òª¸ÄÌ«¶à£¬·ñÔò»á¸øϵͳ¹ÜÀí´øÀ´Ì«Âé·³¡£



6. Iptales ·À»ðǽ¹æÔò

¼ÙÉèÎÒÃǵķþÎñÆ÷ server1 ÔËÐÐ apache£¬sshd (sshd ¿ÉÒÔ²»ÔËÐÐÔÚ±ê×¼¶Ë¿Ú£¬ÅäÖÃÎļþÖÐÄÜÐÞ¸Ä)eth0 Íø¿¨½Ó Internet£¬eth1 Á¬½Ó LAN£¬¹ÜÀíÔ±ÔÚ¼ÒÖв¦ºÅµÇ½µ½ server2 (Æä˽ÓÃÍøÂç IP Ϊ 192.168.0.12)£¬Ôٵǽ server1[roor@ayazero root]# iptables -A INPUT -i eth1 -s 192.168.0.12 -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPTΪ·ÀÖ¹ IP spoofing µÄ¿ÉÄÜ£¬»¹¿ÉÒÔ°ó¶¨ server2 µÄÍø¿¨µØÖ·£ºsh-2.05b# iptables -A INPUT -i eth1 -s 192.168.0.12 --mac-source 01:68:4B:91:CC:B7 -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT²»¹ýºÃÏñÒ²ºÜÉÙÓÐÈëÇÖÕßÄܹ»×öµ½ÕâÖֵز½£¬¶øÇÒûʲôÀûÓõļÛÖµ¡£

[root@ayazero root]# iptables -A INPUT -i
eth0 -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT 
[root@ayazero root]# iptables -A INPUT -m 
state --state ESTABLISHED£¬RELATED -j ACCEPT 
[root@ayazero root]# iptables -A INPUT -j DROP


¶Ô¹¥»÷ÓÐËùÁ˽âµÄÈ˶¼ÖªµÀ¡°¶Ë¿ÚÖض¨Ïò+·´Ïò¹ÜµÀ¡±µÄÃÀÃî½áºÏÀ´´©Ô½·À»ðǽµÄÀý×Ó°ÉÕâÖÖ¼¼ÇÉÒѾ­ÔËÓÃÌ«¹ã£¬¶øΣº¦ºÜ´óΪÁ˶Կ¹ÕâÖÖÄÑÒÔ·ÀÓùµÄ¹¥»÷£¬ÎÒÃDZØÐëÒÔÎþÉüÒ»¶¨µÄÒ×ÓÃÐÔΪ´ú¼Û [root@ayazero root]# iptables -A OUTPUT -o eth0 -p tcp --syn -j DROPÒÔÉϹæÔò½«×èÖ¹ÓÉÄÚ¶øÍâµÄ TCP Ö÷¶¯Á¬½ÓÁíÍ⣬Óà tftp »òÆäËû¿Í»§¶Ë·´Ïò¾ðÈ¡ÎļþµÄ¹¥»÷ÐÐΪҲºÜÆձ飬ÓÉÓÚ tftp ÒÔ¼°ÆäËûһЩ¹¤¾ßÒÀÀµ UDP£¬ËùÒÔÏÖÔÚÒª°ÑËü³¹µ×Ĩɷµô[root@ayazero root]# iptables -A OUTPUT -o eth0 -p udp -j DROPPS: ÔÚ¸üÐÂϵͳºÍµ÷ÊÔÍøÂçʱÐèÒª°ÑÕâÁ½Ìõ¹æÔòÁÙʱȥµôÒòΪÈëÇֵı¾ÖʾÍÊÇͨ¹ýÎı¾»òͼÐνçÃæÔÚ±ê×¼»ò·Ç±ê×¼¶Ë¿ÚµÃµ½Ä¿±ê²Ù×÷ϵͳµÄ shell£¬ËùÒÔ£¬Õâ²»½öÄÜ×èÖ¹·´Ïò¹ÜµÀ±¾Éí£¬»¹ÄÜÃâÒߺܶàÈëÇÖ¼¼Çɲ»¹ý¶ÔÒ»°ãµÄϵͳ¹ÜÀíÔ±¶øÑÔ£¬ÕâÌ«¿Á¿ÌÁË£¡iptables µÄһЩ¹¥»÷¶Ô²ß:

Syn-flood protection: 
[root@ayazero foo]# iptables -A FORWARD -p 
tcp --syn -m limit --limit 1/s -j ACCEPT 
¡¡¡¡
Furtive port scanner: 
[root@ayazero foo]# iptables -A FORWARD -p 
tcp --tcp-flags SYN£¬ACK£¬FIN£¬RST RST -m limit --limit 1/s -j ACCEPT 
¡¡¡¡
Ping of death: 
[root@ayazero foo]# iptables -A FORWARD -p 
icmp --icmp-type echo-request -m limit --limit 1/s -j ACCEPT


´ËÍ⣬iptables »¹ÄÜÅäÖóöÈÃһЩɨÃèÐÐΪ±ÈÈç nmap ʧЧµÄ¹æÔò£¬Ó¦µ±×¢Ò⣺·À»ðǽ²»ÊÇÍòÄܵģ¬µ±Ò»¸ö¹¥»÷Õß×ã¹»·è¿ñʱ£¬²»ÒªÖ¸ÍûÄãµÄ·À»ðǽÄֵܵ²µÃס DDoS µÄºéË®¡£¹ØÓÚ iptables µÃ¸ü¶àϸ½Ú£¬Çë²ÎÔÄ Rusty Russell µÄ Packet Filtering HOWTO¡£

7. ÍêÕûÐÔУÑé

tripwire ÊÇÒ»¸ö±È½ÏÓÐÃûµÄ¹¤¾ß£¬ËüÄÜ°ïÄãÅжϳöһЩÖØҪϵͳÎļþÊÇ·ñ±»Ð޸ĹýÏÖÔÚµÄ Linux ·¢ÐаæÖÐÒ»°ã¶¼´øÓÐËûµÄ¿ªÔ´°æ±¾£¬ÔÚĬÈϵÄУÑé¶ÔÏóÅäÖÃÎļþÖмÓÈëһЩÃô¸ÐÎļþ¾Í¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃRPM MD5 УÑé:

[root@ayazero rpm]# rpm -V

Óà "man rpm" ²é¿´ÃüÁî°ïÖú£¬"-V" ²ÎÊýÓÃÓÚ MD5 УÑ飬עÒâÒª°Ñ rpm УÑé²úÉúµÄ¶þ½øÖÆÊý¾ÝÎļþ×÷Ò»¸öÓ²±¸·Ý£¬ÒÔ·ÀÖ¹Æä±¾Éí±»Ð޸ġ£


8. ×ÔÐÐɨÃè

ÆÕͨµÄ°²È«¼Ó¹Ì»ù±¾ÉÏÊÇ×öÍêÁË£¬ÏÖÔÚÈÃÎÒÃÇÀ´¶Ô×Ô¼º×öµÄϵͳ×öÒ»¸ö·çÏÕÆÀ¹À£¬ÍƼöʹÓà nessus latest version [homepage:http://www.nessus.org](¼ÈÈ»´ÓÍ·µ½Î²ÓõĶ¼ÊÇ¿ªÔ´µÄ¶«Î÷£¬ÕâÀïÒ²¼ÌÐø½ÚÔ¼³É±¾£¬ºÇºÇ)Ò²ÐíÄã¾õµÃ×Ô¼ºµÄϵͳûÓÐÎÊÌâÁË£¬µ«ÓÐʱ nessus »¹ÊÇÄܱ¨¸æ³öһЩÎÊÌ⣬±ÈÈçÒ»¸öµÚÈý·½µÄ webmail ÓÐijЩ°²È«È±ÏÝ£¬Èç¹ûûÓÐÎÊÌâ×îºÃ£¬ÓÐÎÊÌâÎÒÃÇÔÙ»ØÈ¥ÐÞ²¹¡£

9. ¸ß¼¶¼¼ÇÉ

ÒÔÉϵĴëÊ©ÒѾ­×ãÒÔÈôó¶àÊýÈëÇÖÕßÍû¶øÈ´²½£¬½ÓÏÂÀ´µÄ²¿·Ö¸øÄÇЩ¶Ô°²È«¼«¶ÈÃô¸ÐµÄÆ«Ö´¿ñ »º³åÇøÒç³ö¶Ô²ßÖÐÓÐ: stackgurad£¬stackshield£¬formatguard£¬heapguard£¬pointguard µÈ±àÒë¼¼Êõ£¬µ«ËûÃÇÐèÒªÖØбàÒëÔ´Â룬²»½öÂé·³¶øÇÒ»áʹϵͳÐÔÄÜÓÐËùϽµ.ËùÒÔÕâÀï´òËãÓ÷ÀÖ¹»º³åÇøÒç³öµÄÄں˲¹¶¡¡£

±È½ÏÊìÖªµÄÊÇ PaX Äں˲¹¶¡£¬ËüÖ÷Ҫͨ¹ýÊý¾ÝÇø [heap/bss/stack] ²»¿ÉÖ´ÐдúÂëÀ´·ÀÓùÖ±½Ó¸²¸Ç·µ»ØµØÖ·ºóÌøתµ½Êý¾ÝÇøÖ´ÐÐ shellcode µÄһЩexploitPaXµÄÕ¾µãºÃÏñ·ÃÎʲ»ÁË£¬µ«ÓÃgoogle¿ÉÒÔÕÒµ½ºÜ¶à¶ÔÓ¦½ÏÐÂÄں˵ÄPaXÏÂÔØhttp://home.hetnet.nl /~ottolander/pax/pax.html¡£

±pŠf³pégÌðÏéÙçœçàLˆ~ô¬Ç»ìîµÌñZ»÷£¬µ«È´¿ÉÒÔµ²×¡ÊÐÃæÉÏÏ൱ÊýÁ¿µÄ exploit£¬ÏÖÔÚÄÇЩ¹ØÓÚÈçºÎÈƹý²¹¶¡µÄ¸ß¼¶ exploit ¼¼ÇÉÒѾ­ºÜ²»ÉñÃØ£¬µ«ÊÇÊéдÄÇÑùµÄ¹¥»÷³ÌÐòͨ³£ÒªÂú×ãÒ»¶¨µÄÌõ¼þ£¬¼´Ê¹ÄÇÑùµÄ³ÌÐò±»Ð´³öÀ´£¬º¯Êý£¬ÎļþÖ¸Õë±»³É¹¦¸²¸Ç£¬¿ÉÄÜÔÚÕâ¸öϵͳÉÏ»¹ÊÇÎÞ·¨°ÑÄÇ¡°Òç³ö³É¹û¡±´«µÝ¸ø¹¥»÷Õß--ÈÔȻûÓа취µÃµ½ shell »òÊǽ¨Á¢Ò»¸öÁ¬½Ó¡£

lids Linux ÉϵÄÈëÇÖ¼ì²âºÍ·À»¤ÏµÍ³£¬Äں˲¹¶¡£¬Í¨¹ýÒ»¸ö±È root ¸ü´óµÄ ring0 ȨÏÞÀ´ÌṩÔöÇ¿µÄ·ÃÎÊ¿ØÖÆ£¬ÉõÖÁÁ¬ root ¶¼²»Äܸı䣬ÒÑÓÐÏÖ³É×ÊÁÏ£¬²»ÔÚ´ËÌÖÂÛ¡£Õ¾µã£ºhttp://www.lids.org

lids ºÍ»º³åÇøÒç³ö²¹¶¡¿ÉÄܲ»¼æÈÝ£¬»¶Ó­ÖªµÀÕæÏàµÄÅóÓѸæËßÎÒ¡£

10. ÈÕÖ¾²ßÂÔ

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